[建议]导读：“走过不留痕”户外道德准则框架

古德里安

导读：“走过不留痕”户外道德准则框架
“走过不留痕”户外道德准则框架
The Leave No Trace Principles of outdoor ethics form the framework of Leave No Trace's message:

事先筹备
在坚实的地表行走与露营
处理废弃物
发现的，留存原貌
让营火的影响减至最低
尊重野生动物
想想其他人

Plan Ahead and Prepare
Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces
Dispose of Waste Properly
Leave What You Find
Minimize Campfire Impacts
Respect Wildlife
Be Considerate of Other Visitors

事先筹备
Plan Ahead and Prepare

- 了解前往地的特殊规定。
- 做坏天气、可能危险及紧急状况准备。
- 避开尖峰时段。
- 以小团队前往。分散大团体，四至六人一组。
- 把垃圾量减至最低。
- 用地图及指南针，避免人为信号：漆、石堆或路条。

- Know the regulations and special concerns for the area you'll visit.
- Prepare for extreme weather, hazards, and emergencies.
- Schedule your trip to avoid times of high use.
- Visit in small groups. Split larger parties into groups of 4-6.
- Repackage food to minimize waste.
- Use a map and compass to eliminate the use of marking paint, rock cairns or flagging.

在坚实的地表行走与露营
Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces

- 坚实的地包括步道、岩石、碎石地、干草或雪地。
- 保护水源区，扎营离湖或河至少两百尺。
- 找营地不是做营地，换营地更不必要。

在密集使用区
- 使用现存步道及营地
- 以一列行走步道，即使湿地或泥泞地。
- 营地范围尽量少，活动集中在无植物生态处。

在未开发地区
- 避免开发出营区或步道。
- 避免使用刚被影响之处。

- Durable surfaces include established trails and campsites, rock, gravel, dry grasses or snow.
- Protect riparian areas by camping at least 200 feet from lakes and streams.
- Good campsites are found, not made. Altering a site is not necessary.

In popular areas:
- Concentrate use on existing trails and campsites.
- Walk single file in the middle of the trail, even when wet or muddy.
- Keep campsites small. Focus activity in areas where vegetation is absent.

In pristine areas:
- Disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites and trails.
- Avoid places where impacts are just beginning.

处理废弃物
Dispose of Waste Properly

- 背进来背出去。检视所经之出，把废弃物、食物残渣及纸屑都带出去。
- 置排泄物的小洞必须六至八寸深，离水源、营地及步道至少两百尺。事毕掩埋并掩饰。
- 卫生纸与其他卫生用品带出去。
- 盥洗或洗碗时，提水到距河或湖两百尺出，少量使用可自然分解的洗洁剂。洗碗水滤渣后分散洒掉。

- Pack it in, pack it out. Inspect your campsite and rest areas for trash or spilled foods. Pack out all trash, leftover food, and litter.
- Deposit solid human waste in catholes dug 6 to 8 inches deep at least 200 feet from water, camp, and trails. Cover and - disguise the cathole when finished.
- Pack out toilet paper and hygiene products.
- To wash yourself or your dishes, carry water 200 feet away from streams or lakes and use small amounts of biodegradable soap. Scatter strained dishwater.

发现的，留存原貌
Leave What You Find

- 维护过往；不要碰触文化或历史遗迹。
- 保持岩石、植物与其他自然物原貌。
- 避免引进非本土的物种。
- 不要打造建物、家俱或挖渠。

- Preserve the past: examine, but do not touch, cultural or historic structures and artifacts.
- Leave rocks, plants and other natural objects as you find them.
- Avoid introducing or transporting non-native species.
- Do not build structures, furniture, or dig trenches.

让营火的影响减至最低
Minimize Campfire Impacts

- 营火对荒野的影响是永恒的。用炉煮食。用烛灯。
- 在允许营火处，只在火圈处生火。
- 生小火。只取地上，手可折的小树枝。
- 烧成灰烬，浇到全熄，分散冷灰烬。

- Campfires can cause lasting impacts to the backcountry. Use a lightweight stove for cooking and enjoy a candle lantern for light.
- Where fires are permitted, use established fire rings, fire pans, or mound fires.
- Keep fires small. Only use sticks from the ground that can be broken by hand.
- Burn all wood and coals to ash, put out campfires completely, then scatter cool ashes.

尊重野生动物
Respect Wildlife

- 远观，勿尾随或靠近。
- 绝不喂食，以免它们的健康受害、摄食习性改变、暴露行藏以及其他危险。
- 切实收藏事物与垃圾，既保护野生动物也保护你。
- 管束宠物，否则留它们在家。
- 避开敏感时节：交配期、筑巢、育雏，或冬季。

- Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not follow or approach them.
- Never feed animals. Feeding wildlife damages their health, alters natural behaviors, and exposes them to predators and other dangers.
- Protect wildlife and your food by storing rations and trash securely.
- Control pets at all times, or leave them at home.
- Avoid wildlife during sensitive times: mating, nesting, raising young, or winter.


想想其他人
Be Considerate of Other Visitors

- 尊重他人应享的游历品质。
- 与礼，狭径相逢应避让。
- 礼让负重游人，避到下坡侧等待。
- 憩息或扎营时远离步道与其他游人。
- 别让你的声音掩盖了大自然的声音。

- Respect other visitors and protect the quality of their experience.
- Be courteous. Yield to other users on the trail.
- Step to the downhill side of the trail when encountering pack stock.
- Take breaks and camp away from trails and other visitors.
- Let nature's sounds prevail. Avoid loud voices and noises.


一、事先计划和准备（Plan Ahead & Prepare）
完善的旅行计划和准备有助于野外（也可指户外）旅行者安全和愉快地完成旅行的目标，同时最低程度地对土地造成损害。
Adequate trip planning and preparation helps backcountry travelers accomplish trip goals safely and enjoyably, while simultaneously minimizing damage to the land.

旅行前的计划
Pre-Trip Planning

不好的计划经常导致露营者陷入痛苦的状况并伤害自然和文化资源。从护林管理员那里经常可以听到有关露营者以下的遭遇：由于计划的不完善及意想不到的情形，致使未开发的景区资源蜕化及使自己处于危险的状态。
Poor planning often results in miserable campers and damage to natural and cultural resources. Rangers often tell stories of campers they have encountered who, because of poor planning and unexpected conditions, degrade backcountry resources and put themselves at risk.

为什么旅行计划很重要？你也许想为下面的列表增加更多的答案：
Why is Trip Planning Important? You may want to add additional answers to this list:


它确保团队及个人的安全。
它将使你为“不留痕迹”（即：只留下背影和回忆，也指可循环再生的物品的使用）作好准备，并最大限度地保护资源
它将有助于你愉快地完成旅行目标
它将增强和增加你了解大自然的自信心及机会
It helps ensure the safety of groups and individuals.
It prepares you to Leave No Trace and minimizes resource damage.
It contributes to accomplishing trip goals safely and enjoyably.
It increases self-confidence and opportunities for learning more about nature.
旅行前需考虑的七种要素
Seven Elements to Consider When Planning a Trip


确定及标明你预期的旅行目标
确定旅行参与者的技能及能力
选择与你目标、技能、能力匹配的目的地
从目的地管理处、相关规划及文献中收集相关的资料
挑选舒适、安全、环保性能好的装备及衣服
旅行中的活动要与你的目标、技能、能力相匹配
评估本次的旅行，记录下次旅行将改变的做法
Identify and record the goals (expectations) of your trip.
Identify the skill and ability of trip participants.
Select destinations that match your goals, skills, and abilities
Gain knowledge of the area you plan to visit from land managers, maps, and literature.
Choose equipment and clothing for comfort, safety, and Leave No Trace qualities.
Plan trip activities to match your goals, skills, and abilities.
Evaluate your trip upon return note changes you will make next time.
其它需考虑的因素：旅行计划时你也许对以下内容有自己的看法：
Other Elements to Consider: When Planning a Trip You may want to add your own ideas to this list:

天气
地形
规章及限制
私人土地分界线
各分组平均徒步速度及相应的食物消耗量（剩余将造成浪费并人为制造垃圾，即留下痕迹！）
队伍大小（是否符合规章、旅行的目的和“不留痕迹”的各项标准）
其他“不留痕迹”的原则
weather
terrain
regulations/restrictions
private land boundaries
average hiking speed of group n anticipated food consumption (leftovers create waste which leaves a trace!)
group size (does it meet regulations, trip purpose and Leave No Trace criteria?)
all Leave No Trace principles
用餐计划:用餐是另旅行计划的一个重要的因素，它将对野外活动的团队有深远的影响
Meal Planning: Meals are another element to trip planning that can have a profound effect on the impact a group has on a backcountry area.

好的用餐计划所带来的好处：
Benefits of Good Meal Planning:


减少垃圾
减轻背包重量从而加快步行速度及降低疲劳
节省在营火的烹煮工作量
Reduced trash.
Reduced pack weight, resulting in faster hiking times and less fatigue.
Reduced dependence upon campfires for cooking.

一罐食物和重新包装食物
One-Pot Meals and Food Repackaging:

计划一罐食物和轻包装的小吃，只需要最小的包装和准备时间，减轻负重和减少垃圾。一罐食物只要求最小的烹饪器具并减少对营火的需求。如果你有两个大的罐子，两个旅行炉头能为一个大队伍烹饪所有食物。（如果需要快速加热，一个大罐子能摆放在两个炉头的上）。牢记，炉子能“不留痕迹”
Planning for one-pot meals and light weight snacks requires a minimum of packing and preparation time, lightens loads and decreases garbage. One-pot meals require minimal cooking utensils and eliminate the need for a campfire. Two backpack stoves can be used to cook all meals for large groups if you have two large pots (one large pot can be balanced on two stoves when quick heating is desired). Remember, a stove Leaves No Trace.

在打包之前，大部分食物应该从原始的商业包装中取出放在密封袋中。密封袋能保护食物并减少零碎和垃圾。空带子可以相互套起来并带回在家里重用。这种方法能减少你的队伍在旅途结束时必须带回的垃圾数量，并减少不必要的隐藏或掩埋不需要的垃圾。
Most food should be removed from its commercial packing and placed in sealable bags before packing your backpacks. Sealable bags secure food and reduce bulk and garbage. Empty bags can be placed inside each other and packed out for reuse at home. This method can reduce the amount of garbage your group must pack out at the end of the trip and eliminate the undesirable need of stashing or burying unwanted trash.

一些旅行计划不足所致后果的例子
What are Some Examples of the Results of Poor Trip Planning?


缺乏经验的队伍或者对当地地理环境不熟悉，穿过易发生洪水的地方或者沿易发生雷击的山脊行进时，都可能产生危险。组队旅行在干旱地区经常会由于没有足够的水或没有从自然资源中找到净化的水而失败。与当地的土地管理人员确认，并仔细研究地图和天气状况，能减少风险。
A group that is inexperienced or unfamiliar with the geography of an area may put people at risk by traveling through areas susceptible to flash floods or along ridge tops vulnerable to lightning activity. Groups traveling arid lands often fail to carry adequate water or a way of purifying water from natural sources. Checking with local land managers and studying maps and weather conditions can contribute to a low-risk existence.
一个准备不足的队伍也许计划用营火烹饪食物，但到目的地时却发现禁火令在实施或者柴火不足。这样的队伍因为没有备选方案，经常打破法律点火或者简单地损害环境。禁火令和缺乏柴火表明这些地方正经历着过度使用的持续的影响。
A poorly prepared group may plan to cook meals over a campfire only to discover upon arrival at their destination that a fire ban is in effect or that firewood is in scarce supply. Such groups often build a fire anyway breaking the law or impacting the land simply because they have not planned for alternatives. Fire bans and scarce wood supplies are signs that an area is experiencing the cumulative effects of heavy recreation use.
一个没有很好旅行准备的队伍也许不能象计划中的速度行进。地形也许过于陡峭或者路程过于起伏。这些队伍通常会比较迟扎营，有时会选择不安全的地方。差的营地选择通常导致不必要的资源伤害。而且，这些队伍也许再也到达不了他们计划的目的地。
A group that has failed to develop good travel plans may be unable to travel as fast as ex ed. The terrain may be too steep or the trails too rugged. These groups often resort to setting up camp late at night, sometimes in an unsafe location. Poor campsite selection usually leads to unnecessary resource damage. In addition, the group may never even reach their planned destination.


二、在耐久的地面行进和扎营（Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces）
在耐久的地面行进：野外行进的目标是通过野外同时避免伤害大地。有必要了解行进如何对地面产生影响以达到这个目标。
Travel on Durable Surfaces: The goal of backcountry travel is to move through the backcountry while avoiding damage to the land. Understanding how travel causes impacts is necessary to accomplish this goal.

当植被或生物群落被过分践踏而不能恢复，行进将导致的伤害。贫瘠的土地往往导致土壤的侵蚀出现不期望的痕迹。野外行进包括在小径上和小径以外通过。
Travel damage occurs when surface vegetation or communities of organisms are trampled beyond recovery. The resulting barren area leads to soil erosion and the development of undesirable trails. Backcountry travel may involve travel over both trails and off-trail areas.

在小路上行进：在过度使用的区域行进时将活动聚集。土地管理处在野外建造小路，给旅行者提供容易辨认的路以聚集践踏和承载大量人员通过。人工建造的小路本身对大地有影响。但是，它们对人们野外行进是需要的。在小径上集中的行进减少产生并留下多条路径的可能性。拥有一条很好设计的小径要好过多条选择不合适的小路。
Travel on Trails: Concentrate Activities When Traveling in Heavily Used Areas Land management agencies construct trails in backcountry areas to provide identifiable routes that concentrate foot and stock traffic. Constructed trails are themselves an impact on the land; however, they are a necessary response to the fact that people travel in the back country. Concentrating travel on trails reduces the likelihood that multiple routes will develop and scar the landscape. It is better to have one well-designed route than many poorly chosen paths.

在任何可能时候，都推荐使用小路。鼓励旅行者在停留在小路宽度以内而不要在之字路（上山的Z字形路）上走捷径。在小路上休息时，旅行者应该为其他徒步者保留通过的空间。如果决定到小路以外休息，就必须遵循小路外行进的原则。
Trail use is recommended whenever possible. Encourage travelers to stay within the width of the trail and not short cut trail switchbacks (trail zigzags that climb hill sides). Travelers should provide space for other hikers if taking breaks along the trail. The principles of off-trail travel should be practiced if the decision is made to move off-trail for breaks.

(在同一组内的徒步者必须周期性的停下来休息和交流。避免在行进间大声沟通。高声的噪音在自然环境下是不受欢迎的。)
(Hikers in the same group should periodically stop to rest and talk. Avoid shouting to communicate while hiking. Loud noises usually are not welcome in natural areas.)

在路径以外行进：在原生地区扩散使用和影响（一些沙漠地区除外）。所有不使用已经设计好的小路的行进，如行进到遥远的地区、寻找一个隐秘的厕所和在营地周围勘探都被定义为路径以外的行进。路径以外行进在两个基本要素上会增强影响大地：地表和植被的耐久性，以及行进的频度（或者小组的人数）。
Travel Off-trail: Spread Use and Impact in Pristine Areas (except in some desert areas) All travel that does not utilize a designed trail such as travel to remote areas, searches for bathroom privacy, and explorations near and around campsites is defined as off-trail. Two primary factors increase how off-trail travel affects the land: durability of surfaces and vegetation, and frequency of travel (or group size).

耐久性是地表或者植被抵挡损伤或保持稳定状态的能力。
Durability refers to the ability of surfaces or vegetation to withstand wear or remain in a stable condition.

频繁使用和大队人员增加大面积区域被践踏或一个小的区域被多次践踏。
Frequency of use and large group size increase the like hood that a large area will be trampled, or that a small area will be tram pled multiple times.

地表的耐久力：耐久力是需要所有野外旅行者懂得的一个重要概念。以下的自然地表对野外行进有不同的反应。
Surface Durability: The concept of durability is an important one for all backcountry travelers to understand. The following natural surfaces respond differently to backcountry travel.


岩石，沙子和碎石路：这些地表有高度的耐久力，能忍受重复的践踏和擦磨（然而，生长在岩石的青苔却很脆弱经不起重复的擦磨）
Rock, sand and gravel: These surfaces are highly durable and can tolerate repeated trampling and scuffing. (However, lichens that grow on rocks are vulnerable to repeated scuffing).
冰雪：如果做了很好的安全预防措施，而且雪地足够厚，可以保护住下面的植被，那么行走通过雪地是很好的选择，它对地表的影响只是暂时性的。
Ice and snow: The effect of travel across these surfaces is temporary, making them good choices for travel assuming good safety precautions are followed and the snow layer is of sufficient depth to prevent vegetation damage.
植被：不同的植被对践踏的抵抗力是不同的。当要通过植被时，要作出仔细的决定，选择耐践踏的或容易躲过的稀疏的植被的区域。干草通常耐践踏。湿地和其他脆弱的植被很快地露出践踏对它们的影响。践踏会引导后来者沿着同一条路线行进，引出不希望的小路来。作为一条总的规则，那些必须冒险经过无痕迹区域的旅行者们应该分散行走，以免踏出小路，而这些小路会鼓励其他人跟着走。任何可能的时候，都要避免经过植被，尤其是陡坡上，那儿的无痕迹行走的影响尤为明显。
Vegetation: The resistance of vegetation to trampling varies. Careful decisions must be made when traveling across vegetation. Select areas of durable vegetation, or sparse vegetation that is easily avoided. Dry grasses tend to be resistant to trampling. Wet meadows and other fragile vegetation quickly show the effects of trampling. Trampling ensures new travelers to take the same route and leads to undesirable trail derailment. As a general rule, travelers who must venture off-trail should spread out to avoid creating paths that encourage others to follow. Avoid vegetation whenever possible, especially on steep slopes where the effects of off-trail travel are magnified.

隐藏的植物表层：通常在沙漠环境里发现的隐藏的植物表层，对于行走来说是很脆弱的。隐藏的植物表层由弱小的同生一处的植物组成，它们通常是颇黑的，不规则地生长在沙子表面。这表层能留住沙漠里的水汽，提供了一个保护层以防止土地被侵蚀。一个脚步就能破坏隐藏的植物。在这些区域里，行走在已成形的小路是很重要的。只有在绝对必须的时候，才能经过隐藏的植物表层。假如必须在小路以外行进，就在岩石上或其他耐践踏的表层走。要在大面积的隐藏的植物表层通过，破坏是不可避免时，最好以六步的距离一个接一个，以使表层受的影响最少，这和经过植被的规则是完全相反的（在山地车经过的地方，隐藏的植物表层也是很脆弱的）
Cryptobiotic crust: Cryptobiotic crust, found in desert environments, is extremely vulnerable to foot traffic. Cryptobiotic crust consists of tiny communities of organisms that appear as a blackish and irregular raised crust upon the sand. This crust retains moisture in desert climates and provides a protective layer preventing erosion. One footstep can destroy crypic crust. It is important to use developed trails in these areas. Travel across crypic crust should only be used when absolutely necessary. Walk on rocks or other durable surfaces if you must travel off-trail. In broad areas of crypic crust, where damage is unable, it is best to follow in one another six foot steps so the smallest area of crust is affected exactly the opposite rule from travel through vegetation. (Cryptobiotic crust is also extremely vulnerable to mountain bicycle travel.)

沙漠里的水坑和泥泞的洞，对于在沙漠里所有的生物，水是很珍贵和稀小的资源。不要以任何方式穿过沙漠里的水坑和泥坑，或搅动表层水。洞穴也是弱小动物的家。
Desert puddles and mud holes: Water is a preciously scarce resource for all living things in the desert. Don't walk through desert puddles, mud holes, or disturb surface water in any way. Potholes are also home to tiny desert animals.
在耐久的地表露营:选择一个合适的营地也许是降低对野外影响的最重要的一方面。它要求最大限度应用判断能力和信息，而且经常需要权衡最小的生态和群居影响。决定在什么地方露营必须根据地域被使用的级别和类型而定，植被和土壤的脆弱性，野生动物的侵扰，评估以前活动的影响，以及你的队伍潜在的及需要避免的影响。
Camp on Durable Surfaces: Selecting an appropriate campsite is perhaps the most important aspect of low-impact back try use. It requires the greatest use of judgment and information and often involves making trade-offs between minimizing ecological and social impacts. A decision about where to camp should be based on information about the level and type of use in the area, the fragility of vegetation and soil, the likelihood of wildlife disturbance, an assessment of previous impacts, and your party s potential to cause or avoid impact.

在被高度使用的区域选择营地:避免靠近水源和小路扎营，选择一个其他人不能见到的地方。即使在人很多的地区，一个很好隐蔽和离开小路的的营地能加强独处的感觉。离开水源露营给野生动物让一条取水的路。必须遵守营地选择相关的规章。在每天结束前保留足够的时间和体力选择合适的营地。疲劳、坏天气和延迟出发不是选择一个坏和脆弱营地的借口。
Choosing a Campsite in High-Use Areas: Avoid camping close to water and trails and select a site which is not visible to others. Even in popular areas the sense of solitude can be enhanced by screening campsites and choosing an out-of-the-way site. Camping away from the water's edge also allows access routes for wild life. Be sure to obey regulations related to campsite selection. Allow enough time and energy at the end of the day to select an appropriate site. Fatigue, bad weather, and late departure times are not acceptable excuses for choosing poor or fragile camp sites.

通常，最好在一个被高度影响的地方扎营，这样，小心的使用营地不会造成更大易见的影响。在流行的地区，这些营地很容易发现，因为他们已经没有植被覆盖。同样，可以寻找一个本来就很少植被的营地，如暴露的岩床或沙地。
Generally, it is best to camp on sites that are so highly impacted that further careful use will cause no noticeable impact. In popular areas, these sites are obvious because they have already lost their vegetation cover. Also, it is often possible to find a site which naturally lacks vegetation, such as exposed bedrock or sandy areas.

在高度影响的营地，帐篷、小路、烧煮区域必须集中在已经被影响的区域。这样做的目的是把对自然的影响限制在已经使用过的区域，避免扩大影响的区域。离开营地时，保证营地的干净、诱人，吸引着后来的露营的人。
On high-impact sites, tents, traffic routes, and kitchen areas should be concentrated on already impacted areas. The objective is to confine impact to places which already show use and avoid enlarging the area of disturbance. When leaving camp, make sure that it is clean, attractive, and appealing to other campers who follow.

在未被干扰的边远地区:原生的地方通常很远，很少来访者，而且没有明显的影响。进入这些特别的区域你必须保证并具有很高的“不留痕迹”的技能。
Camping in Undisturbed Remote Areas: Pristine areas are usually remote, see few visitors, and have no obvious impacts. Visit these special places only if you are committed to, and highly skilled in, Leave No Trace techniques.

在原生地区，最好把帐篷分散，避免重复践踏的路，每晚移动营地。这样做的目的是最小话被践踏区域被影响的时间。扎营时，将帐篷分散开，在耐久的区域建立厨房。在营地周围穿比较软的鞋子。将厨房和背包放置处的活动减少到最小。在大石头的耐久表面上搭建厨房。行走时注意避免压折植被，在取水时走不同的路。使用大的盛水的容器以使取水的次数减到最少。检查规则，在距离水源200英尺（成人70步）的距离露营是受称赞的规则。
In pristine sites it is best to spread out tents, avoid repetitive traffic routes, and move camp every night. The objective is to minimize the number of times any part of the site is trampled. In setting up camp, disperse tents and the kitchen on durable sites. Wear soft shoes around camp. Minimize activity around the kitchen and places where packs are stashed. The durable surfaces of large rock slabs make good kitchen sites. Watch where you walk to avoid crushing vegetation and take alternate paths to water. Minimize the number of trips to water by carrying water containers. Check regulations, but camping 200 feet (70 adult steps) from water is a good rule of thumb.

撤营的时候,花点时间使营地恢复原样。
用(松针之类)自然材料把地表踏痕掩盖，拂扫足迹,并用棍子把凌乱的草地加以梳理，把它恢复到像不曾驻营的样貌。这些做可以消除你驻营后的留下的选址痕迹，减少后来的旅者会与你在同一地点驻营的可能。因为同一原生地重复驻营次数越少，它就会较容易保持其原生状态。
在干燥的土地上驻营
在干燥的土地上驻营适宜找不易变形的地表,例如岩石和砂砾区，或是已经受严重破坏过的地面，使用该地也不会对地形有进一步的破坏。已受破坏的地段由于失去了植被的遮掩，或是岩土层被有意修整过变得很易显眼，如果选择这类地段,先确定该地点可以容纳你的整个团体驻营。
When breaking camp, take time to naturalize the site. Covering scuffed areas with native materials (such as pine needles), brushing out footprints, and raking matted grassy areas with a stick will help the site recover and make it less obvious as a campsite. This extra effort will help hide any indication where you camped and make it less likely that other back try travelers will camp in the same spot. The less often a pristine campsite is used the better chance it has of remaining pristine.
Camping in Arid Lands The most appropriate campsites in arid lands are on durable surfaces, such as rock and gravel, or on sites that have been so highly impacted further use will cause no additional disturbance. Previously impacted sites are obvious because they have already lost their vegetation cover or the rocky soils have been visibly disturbed. If choosing this type of site, make sure your spot is large enough to accommodate your entire group.

在原生土地上驻营,应该找干燥没有植被并且易于恢复的地段，像岩石，碎石或沙子质地的开阔地带就是很好的选择。驻营决不应该选址在“cryptobiotic”（隐生？） 土壤区 , 植物丛生的岛区, 或在沙漠的溪流，水道分布的绿色带区。驻营还应留意在河床或附近可能会受到山洪暴发的影响。
A pristine campsite, with no evidence of previous use, is appropriate in arid lands provided it is on a non-vegetated, highly resistant surface. Expanses of rock, gravel or sand are all ex lent choices. It should never be necessary to camp on cryptobiotic soil, islands of vegetation, or within the precious green ribbons of desert creeks or streams. Beware when camping on sandy river bottoms and areas susceptible to flash floods.

煮食区、帐篷和背包等应该安排在岩石，沙子或砾石上。
在往返营房间走动应有意识地选择耐久的路线，避免形成小路。调整行走的路线，尽力减少对营地特定地区的践踏。在一个地方驻营停留不要超过两个晚上。
不要扫除或清理地上的有机杂物,像落叶，尽可能少去移动岩石和沙砾。这些杂物有助於缓冲踩踏地面的力量,避免土壤的结块成形,释放植物营养物,而且减少降雨的腐蚀。破坏长青苔层的岩石造成的显著破坏会持续长达数百年，废弃的公路就是明例。岩石一旦被翻转, 是很难恢复它原来的位置，而青苔和地藓在百年时间里无法再长成。
Cooking areas, tents and backpacks should be located on rock, sand, or gravel. Conscious y choose durable routes of travel between parts of your camp so that connecting trails do not develop. Vary your routes since the objective is to minimize the amount of trampling and compaction on any specific part of the campsite. Limit your stay to no more than two nights.

Never scrape away or clean sites of organic litter like leaves, and always minimize the removal of rocks and gravel. The organic litter will help to cushion trampling forces, limit the compactability of soils, release plant nutrients, and reduce the erosive forces of rainfall. Disturbing the lichen-coated and varnished rocks known as desert pavement can leave a visible impact for hundreds of years. Once overturned, these rocks are difficult to replace and the lichens and varnish will not grow back within our lifetime.

在River Corridor驻营: River corridors是指河流与陆地相连只有很小片可以展开活动空间的地段. 驻营地往往要事先安排计划好， 通常位於海滩，沙洲或非植被区等涨潮水位线后的划定位置为好。
Camping in River Corridors: River corridors are narrow strips of land and water with little room to disperse human activities. Campsites are often designated. It is generally best to camp on established sites located on beaches, sandbars, or non-vegetated sites below the high-water line.


三、带来，带走（Pack it in, Pack it out）
带来，带走：一个朴素的俗谚很有效地让来野外的每个人随身带走他们的垃圾。首先，没有理由为什么人们不能把他们带到野外的多余的食物和包装材料带离野外。乱丢乱扔的行为在很多野外地区比10到20年前好了很多，但乱丢乱扔仍然是一个问题。虽然大部分垃圾和丢弃物对野外并不对该地区长远的生态平衡产生很大的影响，但对很多到野外的人而言，要把这列为一个高优先级的问题。垃圾和丢弃物是损害一个地区的原始形态最基本的社会影响。
Pack It In, Pack It Out.This common saying is a simple yet effective way to get backcountry visitors to take their trash home with them. There is no reason why people cannot carry out of the backcountry the extra food and packing materials which they carried in with them in the first place. The litter situation in many backcountry areas is better than it was 10-20 years ago; however, litter continues to be a problem. Though most trash and litter in the backcountry is not significant in terms of the long term ecological health of an area, it does rank high as a problem in the minds of many backcountry visitors. Trash and litter are primarily social impacts which can greatly detract from the naturalness of an area.

从垃圾的来源考虑减少丢弃物。很多野外垃圾和丢弃物通常由食物而来。可能履行“带来、带走”原则的最简单的方法就是提前计划和准备。如果多花一些时间很好地整理食物，完全可能将潜在的垃圾留在家里。为了减少你必须打包带走的垃圾的数量和重量，可以通过把固体食物重新包装放在塑料袋中，将液体灌入可重复利用的容器中。
Reduce litter at the source. Much backcountry trash and litter originates from food items. Perhaps the easiest way to practice the principle of Pack it In, Pack it Out is to plan ahead and prepare. It is possible to leave most potential trash at home if you take the time to properly prepare food supplies. Reduce the volume of trash you have to pack out and save weight by repackaging solid food into plastic bags and liquids into reusable containers.

另外一个比较好的办法是坚持简单饮食：短途旅行，可以考虑不带炉具，只携带不需要烹饪的食物。这将极大减少带到野外的背包重量和过多的食物包装袋。
Another good idea is to keep your menu simple: For short trips, consider not taking a stove and taking only food that requires no cooking. This significantly reduces backpack weight and excess food packaging taken into the backcountry.

首选的处理垃圾的方法是将它打包带走。一些垃圾不能焚烧，而且不是所有户外环境允许生火。一些区域由于生火太危险或者对营地伤害太大而禁火。一些地区，如沙漠环境，由于缺乏生火的木头，点火的想法是不实际的。
Your first preference for dealing with trash should be to pack it out. Much trash is non able and not all outdoor settings are acceptable for building fires. Areas are often closed to fires due to high fire hazards or excessive campsite damage. Some areas, such as desert settings, are impractical for fires due to the scarcity of firewood.

在任何情况下都不能掩埋食物残渣！丢弃或者掩埋的食物残渣会吸引生活在附近的小动物。通常，能见到花栗鼠、地松鼠和其他一些鸟类围在营地厨房旁边。这些营地掠夺者已经惯于将野营者作为一种食物来源。人类的食品不是野生动物天然的食品，他们自然的进食循环和习惯会被破坏。一个有争议的不留痕迹的露营者通常保持一个干净的营地。
Under no circumstance should food scraps be buried! Discarded or buried food scraps becomes attractive to small animal life which live in the area. It is common to see chipmunks, ground squirrels, and various species of birds gathering around camp kitchens. These camp robbers have become habituated to campers as a food source. Human food is not natural to wild animals and their natural feeding cycles and habits have become disturbed. A contentious no-trace camper always keeps a clean camp.

多熊的野外需要特别考虑的内容：旅行在多熊的野外，不管是有黑熊或者灰熊，垃圾的处理会尤为重要。最基本的考虑是安全，包括来访者和熊的安全。人生安全是第一优先级的。如果熊被惹恼或者熟悉人类，熊可能会变成非常危险的动物。熊的安全也是需要考虑的。熊熟悉人类，往往是通过食物发生联系，这将使之成为有问题的熊，而且必须采取行动，有时会以它的生命为代价。虽然黑熊比灰熊要少威胁来访者，但可能的人身伤害还是可能的，必须要做好准备。
Special Considerations for Bear Country. When traveling in bear country, whether there are black bears or grizzly bears present, the disposal of garbage takes on a new significance. The primary concern here is safety, both for the visitor and for the bear. Personal safety is the first priority; a bear can be a very dangerous animal if provoked or habituated to humans. Safety of the bear is also a concern. Once a bear is habituated to people, usually because it associates people with food, it can rapidly become a problem bear and will have to be dealt with actively, sometimes at the expense of its life. Though black bears present less of a threat to the personal safety of backcountry visitors than grizzly bears, the potential for personal injury does exist and preparations should be taken.

脏乱的厨房和食物气味会吸引熊。厨房必须安放在距离营帐至少100英尺的地方，而且，如果可能，靠近小溪或河流。一个尽责的少影响自然的露营者通常保持一个干净的营地，无论是否在有熊的地区。如果你怀疑该地区有熊，食物必须放置到距离帐篷和厨房100英尺的地方，悬挂在两个数中间，距离地面10英尺，距离树干4英尺。所有食物和食物垃圾必须挂起。即使这样，善于攀爬的黑熊，仍然能拿到你的食物。把食物带到营帐中会导致危险到睡眠区域，而且放在背包中的食物会导致背包被熊在寻找食物气味源头时被撕毁。
Messy kitchens and food odors can attract bears. Kitchens should be placed at least 100 feet from tent sites and, if possible, near streams or rivers. A conscientious low-impact camper always keeps a clean camp whether there are bears in the area or not. If you suspect bears are in the area, food must be kept at least 100 feet from tent and kitchen sites and hung at least 10 feet off the ground between trees and 4 feet away from the trunks of the trees. All food items and trash must be hung. Even with this preparation black bears, who are adept at climbing, may still reach your food. Food brought to your tent invites danger to your sleeping area and food left in your pack may result in a destroyed pack as the bear searches for the source of food odors.

记住：带来，带走，还有循环使用。
Remember to Pack it In, Pack it Out, and recycle.



文章来源：www.LNT.org 翻译：echoflying 校对：coffee, 单行道上

四、发现的，留存原貌（Leave What You Find）
Allow others a sense of discovery by leaving rocks, plants, archaeology artifacts and other objects of interest as you find them.
当你发现遗留的岩石、植物、古迹和其他有趣的东西时，让它留在原处，以便其他人也能拥有发现的感觉。

The activities for this Leave No Trace principle deal with cultural artifacts; however, leave what you find involves many aspects of outdoor use. The following information addresses a variety of ways to respect natural settings.
“走过不留痕”运动涉及文化遗产；然而，留存原貌包括户外技术的许多方面。下面的信息包含了尊重自然环境的许多方法。

Minimize Site Alterations: Leave areas as you found them. Do not dig trenches for tents or construct lean-tos, tables, chairs, or other rudimentary improvements. If you clear an area of surface rocks, twigs or pine cones, replace these items before leaving. On high impact sites, it is appropriate to clean up the site and dismantle inappropriate user-built facilities, such as multiple fire rings and constructed seats or tables. Consider the idea that good campsites are found and not made.
使场所改变减到最小：保持地面如你所发现的，不要为了搭帐篷或建造披屋（只有一斜面屋顶的房子 – 译注）、桌子、椅子而挖沟或进行其它初始的改进。如果你清除了一块地表的岩石、树枝或松球，在离开前将它们回复原状。在一些外部干扰很大的地区，恰当的做法是清理地点，拆除不合适的人工设备，比如多个的行军灶和建造的凳子和桌子。记住好的营地是发现的而不是建造的。

In many locations, properly-located and legally constructed facilities, such as a single fire ring, should be left. Dismantling them will cause additional impact because they will be rebuilt with new rocks and thus impact a new area. Learn to evaluate all situations you find.
在许多场所，应当保留适当的设置和合法建造的设备，比如一个单个的行军灶。拆除这些设备会带来更大的影响，因为它们需要用新的岩石重新建造，这将影响一个新的区域。学习去评估你发现的所有情况。

Avoid Damaging Live Trees and Plants: Avoid hammering nails into trees for hanging things, hacking at them with hatchets and saws, or tying tent guy lines to trunksthus girdling the tree. Carving initials into trees is unacceptable. The cutting of boughs for use as sleeping pads creates minimal benefit and maximum impact. Invasive sleeping pads are available at stores catering to campers.
避免损坏活的树木和植物：不要为了挂东西钉钉子到树上，不要用斧头和锯子乱砍树木，不要为了系住帐蓬而用绳子去绑在树上。雕刻姓名的起首字母在树上是不能接受的。把树枝砍下来垫着睡觉产生的利益极小但破坏极大。这种睡垫在户外用品店可以买到。

Picking a few flowers does not seem like it would have any great impact and, if only a few flowers were picked, it wouldn't. But, if every visitor thought ll just take a few, a much more significant impact might result. Take a picture or sketch the flower instead of picking it. Experienced campers may enjoy an occasional edible plant, but they are careful not to deplete the surviving vegetation or disturb plants that are rare or are slow to reproduce.
采一些花似乎不会产生大的影响。的确，如果只是摘一点花，是没有什么影响。但是如果每个人都这样想，就会带来十分明显的破坏。可以照张相或是画张速写，但不要去摘花。经验丰富的野营者会享受偶然的可食植物，但是他们会小心不去用尽这些幸存的植物或是破坏珍稀的生长缓慢的植物。

Leave Natural Objects and Cultural Artifacts: Natural objects of beauty or interest such as antlers, petrified wood, or colored rocks add to the mood of the backcountry and should be left so others can experience a sense of discovery. In National Parks and some other areas it is illegal to remove natural objects.
留存自然的物体和人文遗产：一些美丽有趣的天然物品，比如鹿角、木化石或彩色的石头，增加了原始遗址的风格，应该被留存下来，以使他人也能经历发现的乐趣。在国家公园和其他一些地方，移动自然物体是非法的。

The same ethic is applicable to cultural artifacts found on public land. Cultural artifacts are protected by the Archaeological Resources Protection Act. It is illegal to remove or disturb archeological sites, historic sites, or artifacts such as pot sherds, arrowheads, structures, and even antique bottles found on public lands.
同样的道德原则适用于在公共场所发现的文化遗产。文化遗产被考古资源保护行动协会所保护。取走或干扰考古学的地点、历史遗迹或史前遗产，例如壶的碎片、弓箭、建筑物，甚至公共场所发现的古代的瓶子，都是不合法的。

文章来源：www.LNT.org 翻译：水边 校对：echoflying

五、低限度和低冲击的使用营火（Minimize Use & Impact From Fire）
火和炉具
Fires vs. Stoves

营火的运用，曾经是野外作饭和取暖的必要条件，在历史和传统上有过很多重要的记载。有些人甚至认为没有营火就不能称之为野营。因此生火成为每一个露营者的一项重要技巧。然而，营火的过度使用已经使得许多地区的自然面貌遭到了破坏，并且造成对木材需求量不断增大。这时，质轻而高效的炉具的出现和发展鼓励人们改变原先传统的生火方式。炉具成为低冲击露营必不可少的装备之一。炉具的使用快捷、轻松，而且没有对宿营地木材是否够用的后顾之忧。它们可以在任何天气状况下使用，并且不留下什么痕迹。
The use of campfires, once a necessity for cooking and warmth, is steeped in history and tradition. Some people would not think of camping without a campfire. Campfire building is also an important skill for every camper. Yet, the natural appearance of many areas has been degraded by the overuse of fires and an increasing demand for firewood. The development of light weight efficient camp stoves has encouraged a shift away from the traditional fire. Stoves have be come essential equipment for minimum-impact camping. They are fast, flexible, and eliminate firewood availability as a concern in campsite selection. Stoves operate in almost any weather condition, and they Leave No Trace.

你是否应该生火
Should you build a fire?

生火时最应该考虑的是所做的是否会对野外造成潜在的长远的危害。
什么时候是生火的危险季节，那些地方是生火禁忌场所，是否有当地管理部门对管辖区的有关禁忌条例。
宿营地是否有足够的木材，消耗之后是否能为人察觉。
荒芜的山峰和土地沙化的增长是否对树和灌木意味着木材资源的再生不能跟上营火取材的需要。
队员是否能正确的按照不留痕迹的原则生造营火。
The most important consideration to be made when deciding to use a fire is the potential damage to the backcountry.
What is the fire danger for the time of year and the location you have selected? n Are there administrative restrictions from the agency that administers the area?
Is there sufficient wood so its removal will not be noticeable?
Does the harshness of alpine and desert growing conditions for trees and shrubs mean that the regeneration of wood sources cannot keep pace with the demand for firewood?
Do group members possess the skill to build a campfire that will Leave No Trace?

低冲击的生造营火
Lessening Impacts When Campfires Are Used

生火宿营地一定要选在木材充裕的地方，不要选择在只有少量木材的高海拔以及被过度开发的地区，也不要在荒芜的环境生造营火。一次真正的不留痕迹的营火是不会留下任何被改变过的迹象。
Camp in areas where wood is abundant if building a fire. Choose not to have a fire in areas where there is little wood at higher elevations, in heavily used areas, or in desert settings. A true Leave No Trace fire shows no evidence of having been constructed.

是否产生火痕：最理想的营火地是在选好的宿营地附近不易产生火痕的地方。保持小火，在要用的时候加大燃烧。尽量让木材充分燃烧成灰壮，用水而不是用灰土熄灭火种，灰土也许不能完全扑灭它而留下残火。避免在完全裸露的地面生火，这样会产生黑色的疤痕残留很久。
Existing Fire Rings: The best place to build a fire is within an existing fire ring in a well-placed campsite. Keep the fire small and burning only for the time you are using it. Allow wood to burn completely to ash. Put out fires with water, not dirt. Dirt may not completely extinguish the fire. Avoid building fires next to rock out crops where the black scars will remain for many years.

土堆火：建造一个火堆或许会用到很多简单的工具：一把园丁铲，大的填充袋和一块大的铺布或者塑料垃圾袋。可以按下列方法生火：
Mound Fire: Construction of a mound fire can be accomplished by using simple tools: a garden trowel, large stuff sack and a ground cloth or plastic garbage bag. To build this type of fire:

从已经破坏的地方收集有机土、沙子或者沙砾。倾倒的树木的树根洞就是这样一个地方。在生火的地方平铺上一块地席，然后撒上沙土成一个圆形，覆盖的土层至少需3-5英寸厚，沙土的厚度对土地的隔热保护作用至关重要。使用地席或者垃圾袋只是为了更方便地清除火堆。沙土层应该比火堆的面积要大，有足够的空间加入燃料。堆火的好处在于它既够在平整暴露的岩石地面进行，又可以在象干草落叶一样的有机物表面进行。
Collect some mineral soil, sand, or gravel from an already disturbed source. The root hole of a toppled tree is one such source. Lay a ground cloth on the fire site and then spread the soil into a circular, flat-topped mound at least 3 to 5 inches thick. The thickness of the mound is critical to insulate the ground below from the heat of the fire. The ground cloth or garbage bag is important only in that it makes cleaning up the fire much easier. The circumference of the mound should be larger than the size of the fire to allow for the the spreading of coals. The advantage of the mound fire is that it can be built on flat exposed rock or on an organic surface such as litter, duff or grass.

火盆：火盆是野营生火的另一个好的选择。使用有金属导油槽的火盆和烧烤用的铁架，使生火更有效，更容易控制。火盆的高度至少要3英寸高。注意要将火盆架在岩石或衬上有机土，以避免烤灼土地。
Fire Pans: Use of a fire pan is a good alternative for fire building. Metal oil drain pans and some backyard barbecue grills make effective and in sive fire pans. The pan should have at least three-inch-high sides. It should be elevated on rocks or lined with mineral soil so the heat does not scorch the ground.

生火取材和事后清理：直立的树木，无论生还是死，都是鸟类和昆虫的家，所以不要去损害它。倾倒的树木也为鸟类和动物提供了栖息的场所，同时保持了水土，通过物质分解，将营养成分循环利用。从它们上面折取枝条也会对自然的面貌造成破坏。
Firewood And Cleanup: Standing trees, dead or alive, are home to birds and insects, so leave them intact. Fallen trees also provide bird and animal shelter, increase water holding capacity of the soil, and recycle nutrients back into the environment through decomposition. Stripping branches from standing or fallen trees also detracts from an area's natural appearence.

无论是直立的还是躺倒的大树，都要避免使用斧头，锯子或直接折断树枝。死的倒下的木材可以更容易的被燃烧，也容易收集而且只造成很微小的影响。
Avoid using hatchets, saws, or breaking branches off standing or downed trees. Dead and down wood burns easily, is easy to collect and leaves less impact。

用那些不粗于成人手腕的小块木材，你可以用手较容易的折断他们。
远离营地，大范围的采集木材，找那些已经干了的，从河流或海边飘到岸上的木头。
将所用的木材燃烧成灰后带上手套将小的炭木碾成粉末，用水完全浸湿，把这些剩余物抛散在离营地远处的周围，不要丢弃在河里以免堵塞河道。清理土堆和火盆时，把用到的沙土都处理好。
将没有用到的木材散置于周围，让自然尽量保持原貌。
包裹整理好所有营火后的废弃物。塑料和金属箔包装物不要放在火堆中燃烧。
Use small pieces of wood no larger than the diameter of an adult wrist that can be broken with your hands.
Gather wood over a wide area away from camp. Use dry drift wood on rivers and sea shores.
Burn all wood to white ash, grind small coals to ash between your gloved hands, thoroughly soak with water, and scatter the remains over a large area away from camp. Ashes may have to be packed out in river corridors.
Replace soil where you found it when cleaning up a mound or pan fire.
Scatter unused wood to keep the area as natural looking as possible.
Pack out any campfire litter. Plastic items and foil-lined wrappers should never be burned in a camp fire

安全事项：
Safety

当用炉具和火时，对于年轻人要时刻给予监督和注意。
Provide adequate supervision for young people when using stoves or fires.

按炉具上面标识的产品和安全说明进行操作。
Follow all product and safety labels for stoves.

用可靠的容器盛放燃料。
Use approved containers for fuel.

不要让火处于无人看管的状态。
Never leave a fire unattended.

木材和其他易燃物应远离火源。
Keep wood and other fuel sources away from fire.

离开时彻底的熄灭所有的火种。
Thoroughly extinguish all fires.


文章来源：www.LNT.org 翻译：单行道上 校对：coffee

六、尊重野外生命（Respect Wildlife）
静静的去观察它们，不要仅仅为了“看得更清楚”而惊扰野外生命。 保持一定的观察距离，避免他们受到惊吓或“因为靠近”被迫逃避。 大的团队往往会对对环境造成更多的伤害，并惊扰野外生命，所以，让你的团队规模小些。如果你有一个较大的团队,请尽可能分成为较小的组，将你们“对环境”的影响减至最少。
Learn about wildlife through quiet observation. Do not disturb wildlife or plants just for a "better look". Observe wildlife from a distance so they are not scared or forced to flee. Large groups often cause more damage to the environment and can disturb wildlife so keep your group small. If you have a larger group, divide into smaller groups if possible to minimize your impacts.

急速运动和大的噪音会令动物感到很大压力。静静的行进，不要追逐，喂食，或者驱赶动物。( 有一个特例：在熊区，稍微发出少许声音可以避免惊吓熊) 在较热或寒冷的天气里，惊扰行为会影响到动物抵抗恶劣环境的能力。不要去接触,试图靠近,或饲养，收留野生动物。这样会令动物很紧张，而且，动物可能携带有狂犬病或其他的疾病。被伤病的动物所咬, 啄或抓伤则必须到医院进行治疗。被接触或移动过的小动物都可能会为其父母所遗弃---尽管那是出于善意的举动。 如果你看到生病或是受困的动物,请通知动物管理员去处理。
Quick movements and loud noises are stressful to animals. Travel quietly and do not pursue, feed or force animals to flee. (One exception is in bear country where it is good to make a little noise so as not to startle the bears) In hot or cold weather, disturbance can affect an animals ability to withstand the rigorous environment. Do not touch, get close to, feed or pick up wild animals. It is stressful to the animal, and it is possible that the animal may harbor rabies or other diseases. Sick or wounded animals can bite, peck or scratch and send you to the hospital. Young animals removed or touched by well-meaning people may cause the animals parents to abandon them. If you find sick animals or animal in trouble, notify a game warden.

细心的露营者会由远处观察野外的生命,会留给动物一个开阔的栖息处，他们将食物储存于安全的地方，而且将垃圾和残余食物藏起以避免动物接触到。记得，你只是在它们家园里的访客。
Considerate campers observe wildlife from afar, give animals a wide berth, store food securely, and keep garbage and food scraps away from animals. Remember that you are a visitor to their home.

在水源周围留出足够的空间好让动物可以自如的取用水。理想的驻营地应该选在位于水源200英尺之外或更远一点的地方。这样可以最低限度的减少对野生动物的惊扰，并保证它们能自如的饮到水。夜里的行动应该绕开水坑，这样能避免沙漠生物，他们往往入夜后才开始活动。在贫瘠的土地中水资源极为有限，行走沙漠一定尽力减少对活在生存线上的动物造成影响。
Allow animals free access to water sources by giving them the buffer space they need to feel secure. Ideally, camps should be located 200 feet or more from existing water sources. This will minimize disturbance to wildlife and ensure that animals have access to their precious drinking water. By avoiding water holes at night, you will be less likely to frighten animals because desert dwellers are usually most active after dark. With limited water in arid lands, desert travelers must strive to reduce their impact on the animals struggling for survival.

洗濯，抛弃垃圾需要小心处理做到不致污染环境，不会因此伤害动物和水生动物。在溪流或类似地方游泳问题不大，但在沙漠上不行！让沙漠上珍贵的水源平静而无污染，许多的生物才得以饮用。
Washing and human waste disposal must be done carefully so the environment is not polluted, and animals and aquatic life are not injured. Swimming in likes or streams is OK in most instances but in desert areas, leave scarce water holes undisturbed and unpolluted so animals may drink from them.


文章来源：www.LNT.org 翻译：城市游牧 校对：coffee


七、想想其他人（Be Considerate of Other Visitors）
One of the most important components of outdoor ethics is to maintain courtesy toward other visitors. It helps everyone enjoy their outdoor experience. Many people come to the outdoors to listen to nature. Excessive noise, unleashed pets and damaged surroundings take away from everyone's experience. So, keep the noise level down while traveling and if you bring a radio, tapes or CDs, use headphones so you will not disturb others. Also keep in mind that the feeling of solitude, especially in open areas, is enhanced when group size is small, contacts are infrequent and behavior is unobtrusive. To maximize your feeling of privacy, avoid trips on holidays and busy weekends or take a trip during the off season.
户外道德的最重要内涵之一是：对其他旅行者保持礼貌。这能使得每个人都能享受他的户外体验。许多人来到户外倾听大自然的声音。过度的噪音、解开的宠物和损坏的环境，损害了每个人的感受。因此，当你旅行时，把噪音减少到最小。如果你带了收音机、录音机或CD机，使用耳机，以免打扰他人。要记住，在空旷的地域，很小团队，相互偶尔接触，行为谨慎，这些都更加强了清净的感觉。为了最大程度的拥有你的清静，不要在节假日或繁忙的周未去旅行，而选择在淡季旅行。

Groups leading or riding livestock have the right-of-way on trails. Hikers and bicyclists should move off the trail to the downhill side. Talk quietly to the riders as they pass, since horses are spooked easily. Take rest breaks on durable surfaces well off the designated trail. Keep in mind that visitors to seldom used places require an extra commitment to travel quietly and lightly on the land.
领队或骑手在小路上有优先权。步行者和骑单车的人应该避开这样的小道下山。当他们经过时应小声的同骑马者讲话，因为马很易受惊。在远离标明的小道旁结实的地面休息，记住，旅行者到很少被使用的地方要求一项特别的义务：保持安静并且小心行事。

When selecting a campsite, choose a site where rocks or trees will screen it from others view. Keep noise down in camp so not to disturb other campers or those passing by on the trail. "Goofing off" or "pranks" are undesirable social behavior and may lead to serious or fatal injuries. Also "events" need to fit the setting - save game playing for the city park. Bright clothing and equipment, such as tents can be seen for long distances are discouraged. Especially in open natural areas, colors such as day-glow yellow are disturbing and contribute to a crowded feeling; choose earth-toned colors (ie. browns and greens) to lesson visual impacts. 选择营地时，选择一个从其他角度被岩石和树木遮蔽的地点。把噪音保持在帐蓬范围内，以影响其他宿营者或是从小道上经过的人。“游手好闲”或者“恶作剧者”是不受欢迎的社会行为，并且可能带来严重或致命的损伤。同样“活动”需要符合特定的环境——把游戏留在城市公园进行。明亮的衣服和装备，比如很远就可以看见的帐蓬，是不提倡的。特别是在户外自然环境，例如日光黄的衣服，会令人不安并产生拥挤的感觉；选择土调的颜色（例如棕色和绿色）以减少视觉影响。

Stay in control when mountain biking. Before passing others, politely announce your presence and proceed with caution.
在骑车登山时注意控制。在超过他人时，补貌告知对方并在超车过程中保持提醒。

Keep pets under control at all times. Bowser is not in the wildlife category. Dogs running free can be unwelcome, frightening people or leaving behind unwanted "presents". Please pick up dog feces from camps and trails. Some areas prohibit dogs or require them to be on a leash at all times.
随时管理好自己的宠物。Bowser（任天堂游戏中的角色，复仇女神 – 译注）不在野生动物范畴。自己跑来跑去的狗是不受欢迎的，惊吓他人或在身后留下讨厌的“礼物”。请从帐蓬和小道上拾起狗的排泄物。一些区域禁止狗或者要求一直拴住它们。

Leave gates as you find them, and leave the land undisturbed for others to enjoy. Remember, our open spaces and wildlands are protected for all generations. It is up to us to keep them healthy, beautiful and open to the public for recreation, reflection and revitalization! Enjoy and learn from historical and archeological sites but respect these sites and treasures. Some of these are sacred to Native Americans, or are important cultural reminders of our heritage.

保存大门如你发现时一般，保存陆地不被弄乱，让他人得以享受。记住，我们的户外和野外为子孙后代而保护。让我们行动起来，保持他们的健康、美丽、并使它们为公众的休养、生息和复兴而开放！从历史和古迹享受和受益，但是尊重和保护这些地点和财富。它们中的部分是美国本土人神圣尊崇的，或者是我们重要的历史文化遗产。
文章来源：www.LNT.org 翻译：水边 校对：echoflying












［此帖子已被 古德里安 在 2004-10-9 1:02:03 编辑过］